Terms are in Alphabetical Order for ease of reference

ACP*-Unknown at this time
BLOCK*-Cementitious, as in cinder-blocks
BRICK *-Fired blocks, as in red clay bricks
CCTV-Closed Circuit TV cameras
CIP (l)*-Cured in Place Pipe (aka "sliplining)
CIP(2)*-Cast Iron Pipe
PVC-Poly Vinyl Chloride Pipe
RCP-Reinforced Concrete Pipe
gpd/IDM-Gallons per day per inch (dia.) x length of pipe (mi)
VCP-Vitrified Clay Pipe

B.     BASE FLOW: ... "Permanent infiltration occurs during low ground water conditions through system defects such as broken pipe or pipe with separated or offset joints.

"Permanent infiltration can also enter into the sewer system from private laterals. ...defects from the private sector which are located in perched water tables... "

C. RAINFALL-INDUCED INFILTRATION: "As opposed to permanent infiltration, rainfall induced infiltration is that component of flow measured in the sewer system which occurs several hours after a measured storm event (See Comment 1.) Under very dry conditions, rainfall-induced infiltration is usually undetectable, since dry soil conditions will prevent infiltration from entering the sewage system. Rainfall-induced infiltration normally enters into the sewer system from both the public and private sector. Public-sector sources are defects on public property maintained by the governing municipality (See Comment 2).

"By comparing the inflow rates resulting from measured storm events during the monitoring period of the peak intensity of the respective storm event, linear relationships were established for each of the five basins (in pilot study) using linear ... analyses... in this manner, of each basin to a predetermined rainfall event can be determined.. a one-year design storm event was used to compare each basin and rank each accordingly... "

(COMMENT: Fassnight Creek Basin in which tbe SASS area is located was not included in tbe pilot study; this quotation, is included in this Report to show that (1) I/I problems can be predicted, and (2) the standard of 1-year-event measurement is applicable, as opposed to the commonly held belief that the City is exempt from I/I problem liability if a storm event reaches 100-year or 500-year flood levels, often referred to as Acts of God. Flooding and sewage overflow can and do occur in the South Avenue-Washita Street section of the SASS area under conditions that are meteorogically well below the 100- and 500-year levels of precipitation. According to Wade, tbe 1-year storm event is one that has the statistical probability of occurring one time during a 1-year period. For complete details, read this report or have your SASS attorney do so. WSP)

A. INTRODUCTION: "Rainfall impacts wastewater flows in two principal areas. For high-intensity storm events, wastewater flow rates can increase dramatically in a short period of time. This can result in hydraulic bottlenecks, sewer surcharging and overflow due to the inability of the sewer system to transport the flow to a terminating point such as a pumping station or treatment plant... "

C. ANALYSIS OF RAINFALL DATA:"...a low intensity rainfall with a cumulative total of 2 to 3 inches may fall during a period of several hours, resulting in only minor inflow (peak) response in the collection system. However, a high intensity rainfall of 0.5 to 1.0 inches in 60 minutes would result in a greater inflow response in the collection system. Ideally, several rainfall events ranging from 0.2 to 1.5 inches per hour are normally required to project peak sanitary sewer system flows.

"... a 60-minute rainfall intensity for a 1-year storm event was used for analysis and evaluation.

B. I/I SOURCE IDENTIFICATION: "Two important factors must be carefully considered in developing a successful program to reduce sanitary sewer backups, overflows and bypasses. The first factor involves the measurement of total inflow and infiltration from a defined basin. Once this has been established and a determination has been made that excessive I/I exists, the specific sources of I/I need to be identified in both public and private sectors... "

C. MANHOLE INSPECTION: "A major contributor of excessive I/I in a sanitary sewer system is defective manholes. All accessible manholes were classified under one of the following groups.
"1. Inspected.
''2. Not Accessible--unable to inspect manholes due to the following reasons: Buried, hazardous atmosphere, unsafe, sealed lid, surface obstruction...
"3. Could Not Locate: Could not locate manhole, although there is reasonable certainty that manhole exists. ...The following data was collected for each manhole inspected... Observations. Type and extent of observations (e.g., roots, deposition, grease, cracks, broken or collapsed pipe, offset or separated joint, joint infiltration, protruding tap, poor line grade, plugged and abandoned segment."

(COMMENTS: If Manhole 13 was included among "all accessible manholes" it would behoove SASS or the attorney(s) for SASS as a group or its homeowner/tenant members' attorney(s) to secure official records specifically related to Manhole 13 throughout its span of service in its present location, whether any such official records are on file or not in regard to the I/I study; that is, all records including complaints from residents in the vicinity of Manhole 13 and other reports, such as service calls made by DPW, in order to fairly and accurately ascertain the possible reason this flood/sewage spill area, which is well documented by Campbell v. City Utilities and by me, might not be accurately integrated into the rehabilitation program and/or official reports pertaining to same in the City of Springfield's compliance with the Consent Decree of 5/31/95. If such a detailed prognosis about Manhole 13 does exist, like a patient's medical chart, why have only palliative repairs been made, rather than cures given?

FURTHER, what reports if any are available about the condition of the underground culvert that must be approaching the half-century mark, but which is buried underground in the Sunshine-Campbell-Washita area, as confirmed by assistant city attorney Thomas Rykowski in his letter to me dated January 6, 2006?

FURTHER, to determine the accuracy of the proprietary Pipedream system of Wade Engineering, how would an exposed sewerpipe joint that appears supported by an old tire, nearby an aboveground manhole chamber from the cover of which 6-inch high grass is growing in the rim, appear in the computerized schematic Mark G. Wade claims incorporates all pipelines in the Springfield system, if analyzed, in comparison to Manhole 13? Photos of the cited pipe and manhole, with location, appear in the Appendix Section of this Report? (See Page 94.)

FURTHER, under "Not Accessible" in item C. 2 above, reference is made to "buried" manholes. SASS should question, as I do, how this applies to manholes that were accessible at the start of the Investigation but are buried during Rehabilitation. An example of such a manhole in the SASS area, which had a long history of spewing sewage from a neighborhood with septic tanks that have only recently begun connecting to the city's sanitary sewer system, is shown spewing effuent into the street in 2004 before it was buried under new pavement in 2005 (See Pages 85-87). The yet-to-be answered question affecting SASS-area residents is: Will cover up by burial of this Manhole cause future sewage backup into homes through laterals, or was a new, more-efficient bypass system installed underground? I was in the process of researching this issue when my matter entered litigation, (See Question 52.) so I pass it on to you. WSP.

E. SMOKE TESTING

"... Smoke testing was performed by injecting an opaque-colored smoke into an isolated line segment with high-capacity blowers. Blowers were placed over an isolated line segment and three-minute smoke bombs inserted into the blower intake to inject smoke into the sewer...

"An extensive public relations and notification program was implemented to minimize public concern of the test...

"Results of the smoke test were recorded on standard field forms for entry into the computer database. Additionally, all observed defects were photographed and documented for follow-up rehabilitation...

"The test did not reveal all sources of excessive I/I since factors such as traps, sags, leaves and deposition, and high water levels, may restrict smoke migration to the source..."

(COMMENT: While the five basins in this Pilot Study did not include the SASS area, future testing of the Fassnight Creek Basin did include the SASS area. If Manhole 13 and the lines nearby were tested, I was not aware of it. No public information program was given about such testing. I wonder: Did Wade & Associates select the manholes to be tested, did the City of Springfield, or did Pipedream (c), the computerized program used by Wade? If Wade selected the manholes to be tested, why did the City of Springfield not insist that Manhole 13 and those lines west of it, with long history of I/I problems, be included? Might it be because negative results would be predictably found of a magnitude too costly to fix short of replacing the whole system? WSP)

F. BUILDING INSPECTIONS

"...a door-to-door survey and inspection of 2,923 buildings (residential, commercial, industrial and institutional) were performed in the detailed study area to identify potential I/I sources... During the inspection period October 1992 to January 1993 three separate attempts were made where an owner or occupant was not at home... After three unsuccessful attempts, a form letter and/or door hanger was left at the property in order to schedule an appointment for the inspection. Follow-up telephone calls were made to schedule inspection appointments.

(COMMENT: I have never been contacted regarding inspection of my yard or in regard to building inspection in conjunction with I/I surveys, although this is exactly what I hoped the City of Springfield would do when I asked that someone come and inspect the land and house. I ended up using my retirement fund to pay for having it done privately.)

A. OBJECTIVE: "A significant part of the sanitary sewer study conducted for five study area basins in the evaluation of the collection system to safely transport peak wastewater flows to the city's two treatment facilities...

''By definition, the collection system is the network of gravity sewer pipes and manhole structures. It does not include pumping stations, force mains, holding facilities and control structures...

"...Under current conditions, however, the system does not have adequate capacity to transport peak flows (including both infiltration and inflow) during high intensity storm events. This results in uncontrolled overflows and bypasses of untreated wastewater to receiving streams. Generally, overflow and bypasses occur as a result of one or more of the following conditions:

• General deterioration of the collection due to age.
• Cross-connections between storm and sanitary sewers.
• Population growth.
• Inadequate funds for proper maintenance.

(COMMENT: Of the six conditions listed, I included only the four most applicable to the SASS area and my opinions as expressed in this Report. WSP)

"... The purpose of this analysis is to (a.) determine theoretical hydraulic capacity of the existing sewer system, (b.) analyze the current loads imposed on it, (c.) identify and locate relief sewers required to meet the specified design criteria, and (d.) analyze the future loads imposed on it through development, and (e.) establish cost to transport these design flows under various conditions of I/I reduction as part of the overall cost-effectiveness analysis.

"The resultant model is, by no means, a document that should be used to begin construction of relief sewers. Additional and necessary design must be considered However, the model will provide the city with the precise tool to establish design criteria for such improvements. "

(COMMENT: This portion, and that which follows, deals with the Pipedream program in which a computerized schematic of the sewer system is used to "determine theoretical capacity" of the existing sewer system. What theoretical data were applicable to the FC-10 and FC-11 sections of Fassnight Creek Basin in the subsequent conductance of Phases I, II, III, and IV? WSP)

B. GENERAL METHODOLOGY:

"...Peak flows... move through the system in a "dynamic" fashion, similar to storm water (although there are significant differences...) ...

"With the advent of micro-computers a number of commercially available software programs... became available... For the Springfield collection system, Wade &Associates utilized proprietary hydraulic modeling software called Pipedream (C)

"Pipedream evaluates every pipe in the collection system by comparing the peak flow with the existing capacity. Where the peak flow exceeds the pipe capacity, a relief pipe is inserted into the model and a cost is assigned to that pipe."